Theory of Self-Contained Expansion and Its Rational Comparison with Das’s Theory of Entirety
Introduction
The concept of cosmic expansion has been central to modern cosmology since the discovery of an expanding universe in the early 20th century. The dominant paradigm—known as the “self-contained expansion” theory—posits that space itself is stretching, allowing galaxies to recede from each other without moving through an external space. However, this self-contained model is not without challenges and alternative interpretations, especially when viewed alongside theories that suggest a boundless or interconnected cosmos. Kalishwar Das’s Theory of Entirety offers a profound reimagining of cosmic existence, proposing a limitless continuum, or Entirety, where countless universes coalesce within a boundless field. This report explores the historical development of the self-contained expansion theory, its foundational principles, and how it compares rationally to Das’s theory.
Part 1: Historical Context and Development of Self-Contained Expansion Theory
1.1 Early Cosmological Models and the Big Bang Theory
The idea of a finite, expanding universe began in the early 20th century, grounded in observations by astronomers such as Edwin Hubble. In 1929, Hubble’s discovery of galactic redshift provided empirical evidence that galaxies are moving away from each other, implying an expanding universe. This finding supported the Big Bang Theory, which posits that the universe began from a highly compressed state and has been expanding ever since.
1.2 The Concept of Self-Contained Expansion
With the advent of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915), scientists understood space-time as a flexible fabric influenced by mass and energy. This led to the idea that space itself could expand, allowing galaxies to move apart without traveling “through” space. The “self-contained expansion” theory became the dominant model, proposing that:
Expansion occurs within space itself rather than requiring an external, empty space.
Space-time is self-sufficient; it stretches and grows without needing to occupy any “outside” space.
1.3 The Balloon Analogy and Its Limitations
The balloon analogy, where dots on a balloon move apart as it inflates, became a popular model to explain expansion without external space. While this helped conceptualize the idea of space expanding itself, it also faced limitations:
The analogy implies that there’s an “outside” of the balloon, though self-contained expansion asserts no such outside exists.
The analogy doesn’t address deeper questions, such as what might exist beyond observable boundaries or what preconditions allowed the Big Bang.
1.4 Critiques and Alternatives to Self-Contained Expansion
Not all theorists agreed with the self-contained model. Fred Hoyle’s steady-state theory (1948) argued for a continuous creation of matter, suggesting the universe had no beginning or end. In the early 2000s, Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok’s cyclic model posited a universe that goes through endless cycles of expansion and contraction. Although observational evidence largely favors the Big Bang and current expansion models, these critiques and alternatives reflect the philosophical and empirical challenges inherent in the self-contained model.
Part 2: Principles of Self-Contained Expansion
2.1 Intrinsic Expansion of Space
In the self-contained model, space itself is expanding, meaning:
Distance grows between galaxies because the fabric of space stretches, not because galaxies are moving through an external medium.
No need for external space exists, as space-time is viewed as a complete, closed system.
2.2 Role of Dark Energy in Accelerating Expansion
The discovery of dark energy in the late 1990s suggested that expansion is accelerating. Dark energy acts as a repulsive force within space, intensifying the rate of expansion without requiring external influence.
2.3 General Relativity’s Constraints
Einstein’s relativity is foundational to this model, setting the speed of light as a maximum for objects moving through space but allowing for expansion itself to occur faster than light due to space’s intrinsic properties. However, this framework is limited to the observable universe, leaving questions about what might lie beyond or if expansion itself has universal relevance.
Part 3: Kalishwar Das’s Theory of Entirety
3.1 Overview of the Theory of Entirety
Kalishwar Das’s Theory of Entirety presents a boundless, interconnected field known as Entirety, which contains countless universes within a singular, seamless continuum. Unlike the isolated and self-contained expansion model, Das proposes:
Entirety as a boundless continuum where universes emerge, interact, and coalesce without an absolute boundary.
No “empty” external space; instead, Entirety itself is a filled continuum, a void redefined as an active medium that encompasses all existence.
3.2 Expansion Redefined
Das challenges the self-contained idea by suggesting that the boundaries of universes aren’t rigid or isolated but instead interact within Entirety. Here, expansion could mean:
Merging or overlapping of universes, where the “edge” of one universe might blend with another.
Cycles of emergence within Entirety, where universes could give rise to new phenomena or even other universes.
3.3 Critique of Localized Physics
The Theory of Entirety questions the applicability of local physical laws, like
𝐸=𝑚𝑐², within a boundless context. According to Das, such laws are only applicable within specific universes, suggesting that the principles of self-contained expansion are limited to a finite framework. In Entirety, these boundaries dissolve, implying a broader reality beyond our physical constants and current understanding.
Part 4: Rational Comparison of Self-Contained Expansion and Theory of Entirety
4.1 Boundaries and Infinite Continuum
Self-Contained Expansion: Assumes expansion occurs within the boundaries of the observable universe, without external influence.
Theory of Entirety: Proposes that universes exist within a limitless continuum, eliminating the need for an isolated boundary. Rationally, this allows for a boundless existence that doesn’t conform to self-contained limits.
4.2 Nature of Void and Space
Self-Contained Theory: Treats space as a fabric that stretches but lacks content beyond its observable limits.
Entirety: Redefines void as an active, interconnected field, suggesting that no part of Entirety is truly “empty.” This interpretation challenges the self-contained view by proposing an infinite, filled existence beyond conventional space.
4.3 Expansion vs. Interaction
Self-Contained Theory: Sees expansion as a uniform stretching of space, isolated from other universes or external realities.
Entirety: Envisions that universes may overlap, interact, or merge within Entirety. Rationally, this offers a more dynamic interpretation, where expansion could mean interaction rather than isolated stretching.
4.4 The Limits of Empirical Science
Self-Contained Model: Rooted in Einstein’s relativity and empirical observations, emphasizing observable phenomena.
Theory of Entirety: Suggests that empirical science may not fully capture the boundless nature of Entirety, requiring a leap beyond current scientific paradigms to explore an interconnected infinity.
The self-contained expansion theory provides a model grounded in observable phenomena and empirical science, explaining how our universe could expand without an external space. However, Das’s Theory of Entirety introduces a boundless continuum where countless universes coexist and interact within a single, infinite framework. Rationally, Das’s theory challenges the assumptions of self-contained expansion by redefining void as a filled continuum and proposing a model where boundaries and isolated expansion give way to a seamless, interconnected existence.
While the self-contained model remains foundational in cosmology, Das’s theory encourages a broader exploration of cosmic existence, suggesting that the limitations of empirical science may need to evolve to embrace a truly infinite and interconnected framework. The Theory of Entirety thus provides a compelling rational alternative that reimagines the cosmos not as a closed system but as an endless field where universes exist without finite boundaries, questioning the very nature of space, expansion, and existence.
